Teléfono (+54-11) 4566-7060 info@cyaccesoriosoeste.com.ar

This condition of the skin often occurs during or following severe illness. This skin type usually belongs to Mediterranean countries. People with olive complexions have a yellower skin whether they are tan or not. Some people inherit an inability to produce melanin because their melanocytes cannot make the enzyme tyrosinase and these people have a condition known as albinism. The more North you move in Italy the more frequently you will see Italians with blue eyes. What ethnicity has olive skin? It's weird, because it's like one day you'll have the skin of your 20s, then the next day wake up with a canyon on your face. Dull skin has lost the bloom of vitality and the soft glow of renewal, the acid balance has been lost and it looks matt and lifeless. . which traced portrayals of Jesus back through time from the European Jesus of western art to Jesus himself. However, the overall structures and functions of skin are very similar irrespective of color and are therefore cared for in very similar ways. The Melungeon DNA Project provides overwhelming evidence for the tri-racial mix in families considered traditional Melungeon. Because olive skin shuffles between warm and neutral tones, the best hair colors are those that complement and contrast it. Astringent and cleansing herbs are generally the best to choose when treating an oily skin. For example you may have both dry, sensitive skin and oily skin. More from Beauty. Locate your veins in your wrist. Drink and Wet Yes No. The nutrients in your food will be reflected in your skin - eat processed, high fat foods and you guessed it - your skin will reflect 'what you eat'. If the veins look brown or just dark, you likely have an olive skin tone. The theory of evolution says that cold climate caused pale skin and blue eyes, and thus white man appeared. The term "Melungeon" was traditionally considered an insult, reserved for Appalachian whites who were, by appearance or reputation, of mixed race ancestry. At times "mulatto" was used, then "free persons of color", and then "free-colored". Yes, I believe you're wrong about your skintone. "[38] Others say his face was flushed as if he just had a bath ("a reddish man with many freckles on his face as if he had just come from a bath"). Green: 42.8 % Light blue: 22.59 % Hazel: 17.33 Dark Blue: 10.2 Grey: 2% Amber 1% Amethyst: 2% Brown 5% Keep in mind that we are collecting new data from a poll appearing on the bottom of this page. 2. Blue eyes aren't actually blue. stuff your face with fries Yank. It is prone to blackheads and spots. "The Welsh people (Welsh: Cymry) are an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language. So, borrowing from her example, here are tips for warm skin toned girls. [94][95] Thereafter cinematic portrayals have continued to show Jesus with a beard in the standard western depiction that resembles Renaissance images. What Are the Characteristics of Dark Olive Skin? The genes that moderate skin tones operate at incomplete dominance, making it impossible for the Olive skin tone to be dominant or recessive. 25+ Ideas To Make Fairy Christmas Makeup. [57] These theories usually include the rationalization that Jesus was an Aryan because the region of Galilee was supposedly inhabited by non-Jews who spoke an unknown Indo-European language, but this theory has not gained scholarly acceptance Galilee was inhabited by a significantly non-Jewish minority, but its members spoke various local Semitic languages. For the purpose of better understanding the care your skin requires, a 'Skin Type Classification System' has been devised and developed over the years. So the debate, speculation and research continues; some adding credibility to known theories, some creating more confusion. You can still vote if you would like. The Fitzpatrick scale lists olive as skin type four with light brown skin rather than an undertone alone. N. Brent Kennedy, editor. For centuries, the most common image of Jesus Christ, at least in Western cultures, has been that of a bearded, fair-skinned man with long, wavy, light brown or blond hair and (often) blue eyes . The undertone is blue, and the overtone is green, which creates a yellow-olive complexion, but here we are focusing on the undertone. Location and surnames may help in tracing Melungeon ancestor roots. Many fought in the Civil War on the Union side, a few on the Confederate side and some became slave owners. in 1850 John Everett Millais was attacked for his painting Christ in the House of His Parents because it was "painful" to see "the youthful Saviour" depicted as "a red-headed Jew boy". She looks basically Italian, and not because of some darker hair or eyes, but her features are very possibly a throwback to the Rhaetians. [9] However, as in other cases of the assignment of race to biblical individuals, these claims have been mostly based on cultural stereotypes, ethnocentrism, and societal trends rather than on scientific analysis or historical method. For Augustine he was "beautiful as a child, beautiful on earth, beautiful in heaven". Large aquiline noses are also common. It is uncertain how many people in Wales consider themselves to be of Welsh ethnicity, because the 2001 UK census did not offer 'Welsh' as an option; respondents had to use a box marked "Other". . The beauty world can agree that olive is definitely not a cool skin color or a cool undertone. For example, central and northern Europeans tend more towards fair skin, hair and eye color, while southern Europeans tend to have dark hair, brown eyes and darker, olive skin tones. Then when I was about 9 after a beach day my dad washing me up, kept rubbing over my cheeks and nose asking how I got so . White is often excellent for a dramatic look because it generally makes the skin look even richer. If so, why is it that there were no white people in some other cold areas like Mongolia, Japan, or Argentina? Turn all eyes on you by curling in some thick waves to wear over one shoulder. Are you getting sufficient polyunsaturated fats? The Book of Revelation includes John's vision of the Son of Man: His head and his hairs were white like wool, as white as snow; and his eyes were as a flame of fire; And his feet like unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice as the sound of many waters. Individuals frequently wear neutral shades such as caramel on the eyes. In Tim Hashaw's book, Children of Perdition, he states. So for the most part, on top of the very ancient Proto-Europeans, most of the north were Romanized Gauls, most of the central were Romanized Etruscans (or Umbrians), and most of the south were Romanized Greeks to oversimplify it a little bit. These passages are often interpreted as Jesus' physical description. Because O negs normally have mood eyes they can change to any colour, but these are the normal colours. [83] The sixth-century Rabbula Gospels include some of the earliest images of the crucifixion and resurrection. In 2018 historian Joan Taylor published What Did Jesus Look Like? Hazel (sometimes grouped with amber) Green. Got stared at by older Chinese couple on the train .. Im female, black, 20 and I got refused from entering an Ensign bus. Do people with olive undertones really tan easily and I'm wrong about my skin tone? Here are the responses, broken down for each by percentages. So race forward to the present day, and there are Germans who simply dont look German, such as the German-Canadian actress Ingrid Haas. The production of melanin is controlled by an enzyme called tyrosinase and is stimulated by exposure to sunlight. If the white towel suits you more, you have a warm or olive undertone, and if the off-white towel suits your skin, you have a cool undertone. [23][24], Despite the lack of direct biblical or historical references, from the 2nd century onward, various theories about the appearance of Jesus were advanced. It becomes obvious very quickly that we are all very different and have various advantages and disadvantages specific to our skin type, depending on our genetic predisposition. He also happened to have rather greasy skin and larger-than-average pores - something which I have inherited, to my dismay, as well as a slightly lighter olive skin tone! Secondly, if you have combination skin, you may need to look at two different types of products to treat your different skin types. About 5'5-6'3 in height, hair ranging from black to blonde, eye color usually brown or blue or something in between, and usually ten fingers and ten toes, give or take. However, the most prominent narrator is from Salim ibn Abdullah ibn Umar, descendant of Caliph Umar, with a chain of narration that stated: "a man of brown complexion and lank hair". Italians have all different eye colors including brown, hazel, green, and blue. [63] Using third-century images from a synagogue the earliest pictures of Jewish people[70] Goodacre proposed that Jesus's skin color would have been darker and swarthier than his traditional Western image. [6] The Transfiguration of Jesus was a major theme in the East and every Eastern Orthodox monk who took up iconography needed to start his craft by producing the icon of the Transfiguration. [11][12][13][14], Old Testament references which Christians interpret as being about a coming messiah have been used to form conjectures about the appearance of Jesus. This does not, however, mean that they are immune to the problems that prolonged ultraviolet (UV) light exposure causes. There is infinite variety to suit every palate. In ancient times, there were no Arabs or Turkic people anywhere around there, but there were of course, Greeks, Etruscans, and in smaller measure Phoenicians, who impacted much of Italy. It works for many people, while others cannot specify a noticeable vein color, whether fair or dark. The stereotype is that Italians have dark hair, dark eyes, and olive skin. It's not that hard, it just takes a bit of will power and knowing that increasing your blood circulation by doing those little things regularly will keep you healthier for longer. During the Middle Ages, a number of legendary images of Jesus began to appear, at times, they were probably constructed in order to validate the styles of the depictions of Jesus which were reported during that period, e.g. Subscribe to our newsletter and learn something new every day. They are considered an ethnic group mainly because of their distinctive physical characteristics; distinguishing features include olive or darker skin complexion, brown or blue eyes, black or dark-brown straight hair, and European features. "The Acts of John Christ's Earthly Appearance", in, Ana Echevarra, "Eschatology Or Biography? I am lucky then because I have olive skin, I guess??? [28] According to Irenaeus, he was a weak and inglorious man,[29] and in the Acts of Peter he is described as small and ugly to the ignorant. Blue, green, or hazel eyes; light brown, blonde, or red hair. Remember, your complexion has to do with your skins surface but can sometimes affect the undertones if you have acne, scarring, or other hyperpigmentation that causes an excess of another color range. [48], In his book The Forging of Races, Colin Kidd argues that the assignment of race to biblical individuals has been a subjective practice which is mostly based on cultural stereotypes and societal trends rather than scientific methods. The internet and the recent interest in genealogy has fueled the research and created even more speculation. Interestingly, if you subscribe to the idea that olive skin is an undertone, you will need to look for that specific information to determine which colors best suit your skin. The Fitzpatrick scale was created by a man named Thomas B. Fitzpatrick in 1975. Warm colors such as plum, bronze, brown, deep green or maroon typically suit olive complexions well. Remember.. "Quality Matters", 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 101 Eagan, MN 55123 USA, Phone: (651) 209-3600 Fax: (651) 209-3601. I wish I had olive skin. This is especially true if they also have darker hair. Most versions of this say "Jesus had curly hair and a reddish complexion. If you think you look rosy, youre likely cool-toned. For example, peoples from the Caucasus region, such as Armenians and Georgians, typically have dark curly or wavy hair, dark brown eyes, olive skin, and more prominent noses; on the other hand, the Byelorussian people tend to have light hair, blue eyes, fair skin; the people of Udmurt Republic (which is a part of Russia) typically have red hair . The idea is that by finding the right tones, a person will look healthier, energetic and more attractive to others. The skin has wonderful regeneration abilities, given the right support. However, if you're willing to do a little experimentation, you can find a truly great look for your skin tone and eye color combination, and be a total show stopper. If it is oily or large-pored skin use diluted cider vinegar or lemon juice, or cucumber juice to balance it or if dry skin, use buttermilk or cucumber juice, together with a highly nutritious diet. You can check your undertones by looking at the color of your veins -- if they're green, it's warm, if they're blue, it's cool, and if you can't really tell the color, it's neutral. Powders usually are the best bet because they absorb the excess and reduce shine. They have been historically linked with Newman's Ridge in Hancock County which is located in northeastern Tennessee, close to the Kentucky border. The main reason why olive skin maybe prevalent in others than the rest is that the Olive skin tone genetic traits depend on the . Lack of vitamin A can cause dryness of the skin. Olive skin tone features a green tinge that gives a beautiful green tint to the skin. The race and appearance of Jesus has been a topic of discussion since the days of early Christianity. The key in defining the phrase, therefore, is looking at undertones, which generally are greenish or golden. It also tends to develop wrinkles more slowly, but if they form, the lines generally are deeper. As for the honey/olive description, Taylor writes that his skin was "a darker hue consistent with the skin tone of people of the Middle East" (p.163). Of course, it can make the whole makeup thing a little difficult, since you can't really wear the same make up for olive skin with blue eyes as you would for olive skin with a darker eye color. You're absolutely correct about the wrinkles, pores and oiliness - my father has a tanned olive complexion and he always looked young for his age! [85], The 13th century witnessed a turning point in the portrayal of the powerful Kyrios image of Jesus as a wonder worker in the West, as the Franciscans began to emphasize the humility of Jesus both at his birth and at his death via the Nativity scene as well as the crucifixion. Posted April 6, 2005. What Colors Look Good with an Olive Complexion. related: the kibbe body system explained How to Determine Skin Undertone: Seasonal Color Analysis Step 1 In order to determine your exact undertone, you can try one of the following tests. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. The risk of wrinkles or problems such as melanoma is relatively low, but when cases happen, they tend to be more severe. Some individuals call it a Mediterranean coloring, because many people from that area of the world have it, but it also is common to people from Mid-Europe, the Middle East and Asia. In 1906, a German writer named Theodor Plange wrote a book titled Christ-an Indian? Although all ethnic skin types have the same number of melanocytes cells, black skins have melanocytes capable of making large amounts of melanin. Echevarra comments that "Moses and Jesus are portrayed as specimens of a completely different 'ethnic type', fair and blond; 'ethnic' or 'racial' differences between them and Muhammad are thus highlighted. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. [33] These theological arguments were further extended in the 13th century by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologiae based on his analysis of the perfection of Christ, reasoning that Jesus must have embodied every possible human perfection.[34][35]. blue eyes and olive skin ethnicitybaroque clarinet music. [10]:12337 The earliest depictions of Jesus from the Roman catacombs depict him as free of facial hair. [8]:4350, In his book Racializing Jesus, Shawn Kelley says that the assignment of a specific race to Jesus has been a cultural phenomenon which has been emanating from the higher levels of intellectual circles within societies, and he draws parallels between the different approaches within different settings. Oily skin is shiny and coarser-textured, often with enlarged pores. It is usually wise for people with sensitive skins to stay away from the stimulating herbs (lavender, lime-flower, mint, nettle, sage, southernwood, summer savory, thyme). Those of American-Indian decent have more reddish tones to skin and hair with brown eyes. Very tall. People of Asian and American-Indian ancestry have more carotene in the stratum corneum and fatty areas of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It has been suggested that Jesus likely had a lean appearance. In folklore, witches and spiritual beings are regularly depicted with having green eyes. : 161, 194 Thus in terms of physical appearance the average Judean of the time would have likely had brown or even black hair, olive skin, and brown eyes. [19][7][8]:4851. Stereotypical Scandinavian traits and facial features have since the early 20th century included straight, blonde hair; blue eyes; tall figure; a straight nose; thin lips; and non-prominent cheekbones, according to Werner & Bjrks 2014 book Blond and Blue-eyed. Nothing to do with their mythical fiery temperament! Black is not an eye color. Find & Download Free Graphic Resources for Elder Eyes. Robin M. Jensen "Jesus in Christian art", Chapter 29 of, Barnstone, Willis. Yes it's like that for me too, both of my parents were dutch, my mother from Friesland. Type IV olive skin has brownish to dark olive tone. [8]:4350[60] Martin Luther King Jr. was a proponent of the "Black Christ" movement and he identified the struggle of Jesus against the authorities of the time with the struggle of African Americans in the United States, as he questioned why the white church leaders did not voice concern for racial equality. Olive skin tone and beautiful, dark blue eyes 18" and 4 lbs 5 oz Painted and varnished with GHSP . Plenty of vitamin C is fundamental to a beautiful skin, because this vitamin helps to build collagen and elastin, the bonding and structural substances which give tone and resilience. In the 2004 movie The Passion of the Christ, Jesus was portrayed by Jim Caviezel, who wore a prosthetic nose during filming and had his blue eyes digitally changed to brown to give him a more Middle Eastern appearance. ; People with green eyes are considered "adventurous," "mysterious," and "mystical . Among the points which were made in the study was the fact that the Bible says that Jesus's disciple Judas Iscariot needed to point him out to those who were arresting him. [42] In contrast, Abd Allah ibn Abbas says Jesus was of "moderate complexion inclined to the red and white colors and of lank hair". The relative proportions of these pigments give us the variations we see in skin colour: more melanin will give darker brown to black skin tones, more carotene is responsible for the yellow to reddish tones and the hemoglobin gives red to pinkish tones. Some individuals produce a lot of oil, which can lead to clogged pores. Many white, non-Hispanic kids are born with blue eyes that change to brown, green, or hazel as they grow. Demonstrating his education, experience, and commitment to providing patients with the highest quality medical & cosmetic dermatologic care. ", "In a forensic pilgrimage, a scholar asks, 'What did Jesus look like? This is further complicated with the fact that ethnicity is also a product of culture, so we're taking about a social-cultural . It is often associated with pigmentation in the Type III to Type IV and Type V ranges of the Fitzpatrick scale. 231. Not everyone with these surnames can be considered Melungeon; it is suggested that research be conducted on each family line to provide a supported conclusion. Generally speaking, the emollient and hydrating herbs (chamomile, comfrey, cowslip, elderflower, fennel, marshmallow, orange blossom, rose, violet) are the best to use in lotions and toners for dry skin. An ancient European hunter-gatherer man had dark skin and blue eyes, a new genetic analysis has revealed. Start your free trial today to learn more about your ancestors using our powerful and intuitive search. Rather than promote any particular diet or tell you whether to eat high protein or low carb or what ever-diet, suffice it to say that if you keep your food as unprocessed as possible, as fresh as possible and as varied as possible - you will have a good diet and the foods you're eating are helping you to correct the imbalance of your skin type. [96], More recent artistic and cinematic portrayals have also made an effort to characterize Jesus as an ancient Middle Eastern resident. This is a great space to write long text about your company and your services. Check which one goes with your skin. Crutchfield Dermatology [49] Cain Hope Felder has argued that New Testament passages such as Galatians 3:28 express a form of universalism which goes beyond race, ethnicity or religion. If you can see through your skin, you may be able to benefit from this method. The original definition of Melungeon referred exclusively to one tri-racial group; the descendants of Collins and Gibson and other related families of Newman's Ridge, and the Vardy Valley in Hancock County, Tennessee. In a letter of certain bishops to the Emperor Theophilus, Jesus's height is described as 3 cubits (four foot six), which was also the opinion of Ephrem Syrus (320379 AD): "God took human form and appeared in the form of three human ells (cubits); he came down to us small of stature." If your skin is unbalanced, either flaky or too oily, or if your lips peel, then check your intake of vitamin B foods. Fair skin is better at making Vitamin D from the 8 per cent of the world's population have blue eyes weak sunlight found in northern latitudes. Type 3 olive skin gradually tans but burns mildly. [15][16][17][18], The New Testament includes no descriptions of Jesus's appearance before his death, and the gospel narratives are generally indifferent to people's racial appearance or features. Secondo Pia's photograph of the Shroud of Turin, one of the most controversial artifacts in history. The following map shows the percent of Italian who have blonde hair. [30], As quoted by Eisler,[26]:393394,414415 both Hierosolymitanus and John of Damascus claim that "the Jew Josephus" described Jesus as having had connate eyebrows with goodly eyes and being long-faced, crooked and well-grown. over 70% have light eyes (blue, green, gray) the combination of gray eyes and ash blond hair seems to be a Slavic trait, at least the northern Slavs (West and East). I, unfortunately, found that out the hard way. Arms, legs and head are made of vinyl, a soft-touch material that allows you to paint . The person with this skin type will have to follow two skin-care routines, one for the dry areas, and another for the oily. Alternately, if you believe, as Fitzpatrick did back in the 70s, that olive is instead a level of skin pigmentation, many people consider olive to be either warm or neutral in classification. Most scholars support the French term mlange meaning mixture. Undertones play a big part in how colors contrast or complement your skin. Oats, years, bran, goat's milk, whole rice, sunflower seeds, sprouted seeds and grains are some of the sources. The lymphatic system assists the removal of waste products and excess fluids from the tissues and prevents the condition commonly known as cellulite or 'orange-peel' skin. ;) PennBoy 76 | 2,436. Appearance and community perception contributed to the assimilation of Melungeons into the communities - moving from being labeled persons of color to white. Theodore of Mopsuestia likewise claimed that the appearance of Christ was smaller than that of the children of Jacob (Israel). Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, a dermatologist associated with Harvard, developed this test in 1975, breaking down coloring into six major categories. Keep to light oils and lotions for cleansing and moisturising, and mild herbal toners and compresses to soothe the skin and reduce redness and veins. There are blonde, brunette, and red-haired Italians. [6][7][82] As in other forms of Christian art, the earliest depictions date to the late second or early third century, and they are primarily found in Rome. Nice article, having learned a lot here about dressing tips. Scroll down for more . The study, sponsored by the BBC, France 3 and the Discovery Channel,[68] used one of three first-century Jewish skulls from a leading department of forensic science in Israel. Theres more evidence of Teutonic influence on generally the whole of the Italian peninsula, than there is to Arabic. There are blonde, brunette, and red-haired Italians. Gently washing the face in the morning and at night with an exfoliating cleanser, as well as following up with a non-alcoholic toner, typically can lessen the problem. It is possible to tone, soften and restore older skin to much of its former freshness. Italians: Olive skin, dark hair, and dark eyes. Painted and varnished with GHSP. An olive complexion usually hides blemishes, unless the the spots contain darker contrasting pigment. [19], The Byzantine Iconoclasm acted as a barrier to developments in the East, but by the ninth century, art was again permitted. O Rh D Positive - The Second Most Ancient Blood Group. Uncategorized ; June 21, 2022 blue eyes and olive skin ethnicity . Extremely rich and greasy creams are not good for it because they block the pores, often enlarging them and so creating an extra problem. Even mild exercise, has a beneficial effect on not only blood circulation around the body but also on the lymphatic system. Is it possible to hang up a curtain pole without any drilling? Short Black Hair for Blue Eyed Girl A black pixie with layers is just the thing for a woman who loves edge. Any eye or hair color can be a type 3. With your blue eyes, this long black hairstyle will look amazing. [45], According to the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke, Jesus was a descendant of King David. Historical appearance. The map below illustrates this trend. It is a common misconception that Italians must look a particular way. Isaiah 53:2 refers to the scourged messiah with "no beauty that we should desire him" and Psalm 45:23 describes him as "fairer than the children of men". Looking at famous Italians, we are able to see the various different hair and eye colors. Pink, red or bluish tones fall into the cool group, while yellow or gold ones are warm. If you are lucky enough to possess this skin type, treasure it by using light cleansers and lotions and mild toners and fresheners. Many moved out of Tennessee and settled in other parts of the U.S. [74], By the 20th century, some reports of miraculous images of Jesus began to receive a significant amount of attention, e.g. He is the perfect example of an Italian with bright blue eyes! Most of the white neighbors considered the Melungeons as a mixture of black and Indian, or white, black and Indian. [10]:161,194 Thus in terms of physical appearance the average Judean of the time would have likely had brown or even black hair, olive skin, and brown eyes. You can use this space to go into a little more detail about your company. [1] However, this only implies a general Jewish ancestry, acknowledged generally by authors. This hair dye is undeniably the best hair color for blue eyes. 4 Jul 2012 #11. Then there are guavas and rosehips, so your diet need not be restricted or dull. There is no genetic evidence to support the claim of Germanic genetic contribution in northern Italy, nor Arabic genetics in the south. [8]:18, Research on ancient skeletons in Palestine suggests that Judeans of the time were biologically closer to Iraqi Jews than to any other contemporary population, according to specialist bio historian Yossi Nagar. Other researchers have added Powell, LeBon, Bowling, Bunch, Goins, Goodman, Heard, Minor and Mullins. Nevertheless, hair and eye color vary in Italy and so does skin tone! Generally they were not classified as Indians, but classifications changed with each census. They said: This is the Messiah, son of Mary. His blue eyes were digitally changed to brown on film. If a person develops melanoma, then the risk of surviving tends to be lower, simply because the darker shade of the complexion makes detecting the cancer harder. The fact remains that the Melungeons made a valuable contribution to the early foundations of America and it is our responsibility to acknowledge their existence. 3. Various theories about the race of Jesus have been proposed and debated. Brown eyes average: Swiss - 45% French - 55% Italians - 69.1% Spaniards - 75% Greeks - 85.4% Black hair (not dark brown!) Hair painted with Ultimate Fusion paints in shades of dark brown and black, sealed with. OP genecps 7 | 131. [75][76][77], Another 20th-century depiction of Jesus, namely the Divine Mercy image, is based on Faustina Kowalska's reported vision, which she described in her diary as a pattern that was then painted by artists. Because the Melungeons are of mixed race, many scholars do not believe they should warrant a distinct identity as there were many mixed races originating in Colonial Virginia. Eat bean sprouts, green and red peppers, black currants, oranges and lemons. My ideal body would have medium olive skin with black hairbut instead I'm pale with dark blonde hair.

Why Does Faber Wear Earplugs On The Subway, Fmolhs Human Resources, Cityfitness Invercargill, When A Guy Starts Liking Your Posts, Articles B